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The big questions · 13

What is Bhakti?Bhakti means loving devotion, from a root meaning to share or partake. It is both a spiritual path and a vast historical movement of poets and saints across languages and regions. Traditions differ on its object (Vishnu, Krishna, Rama, Shiva, the Goddess, or the formless Divine), on whether it is a means to liberation or the goal itself, and on how grace and self-effort relate. The Gita presents it as open to anyone and as requiring nothing more elaborate than a sincere offering.What happens after death?Most Indian traditions accept rebirth (samsara) shaped by karma, and see liberation as release from that cycle; they differ on what continues. Vedantic schools say the Self does not die and the subtle body carries karmic impressions to a new birth; Jainism speaks of a soul bound by karmic matter; Buddhism describes rebirth as a causal continuity without a permanent self. The Charvaka materialists denied any afterlife, and Sikh thought places the cycle under divine will and grace.What is Dharma?Dharma is one of the widest words in Indian thought: it can mean cosmic order, moral duty, law, right conduct, the nature of a thing, or, in Buddhism, the teaching and the basic elements of experience. Mimamsa ties it to Vedic injunction, the Dharmashastra and epic traditions to duties that vary by stage and role, and the Gita to one's own duty (svadharma) done without selfish attachment. Jain, Buddhist and Sikh thought each give it distinct meanings, so the question always invites 'dharma in which sense?'How do I deal with failure?Indian traditions rarely treat failure as a verdict on the person. The Gita separates the effort, which is ours, from the outcome, which depends on many factors, and asks for equanimity in success and failure alike. Buddhist teaching reframes setbacks through impermanence and non-attachment, the Tamil ethical classic Tirukkural stresses perseverance, and devotional traditions offer the outcome to God. What they share is a shift in where one's peace is anchored.How do I become free?Nearly all Indian traditions frame the highest goal as freedom — moksha, mukti, kaivalya or nirvana — from bondage to ignorance, craving or karma. They differ on what freedom is and how it comes: knowledge of the Self in Advaita, isolation of consciousness from nature in Sankhya-Yoga, the ending of craving in Buddhism, the shedding of karmic matter in Jainism, and loving union or service through grace in the bhakti schools. The Gita offers several paths — action, knowledge, meditation and devotion — and treats them as converging.What is God?Indian traditions hold a remarkable range of views about God. Some speak of a personal Lord (Ishvara) who creates, sustains and graces the world — Vishnu, Shiva or the Goddess; some of an impersonal absolute (Brahman) beyond all qualities; some of both, as different levels of one truth. Classical Sankhya, Mimamsa, Jainism and Buddhism do not accept a creator God, while Sikh thought affirms one formless God known through the Name. The Gita presents Krishna as both the personal Lord and the ground of all being.What is Karma?Karma literally means action, and by extension the consequences that actions carry, often across lifetimes. Traditions agree that actions shape future experience but differ on how: through the unseen force (apurva) of ritual in Mimamsa, through intention (cetana) in Buddhism, through subtle karmic matter clinging to the soul in Jainism, and under the governance of God in theistic Vedanta. The Gita adds that the binding force lies less in action itself than in attachment to its fruit.How do we know something is true?Indian philosophy developed a sophisticated theory of knowledge around pramanas, the valid means of knowing. Schools accept different lists: Charvaka only perception; Buddhists perception and inference; Sankhya and Yoga add testimony; Nyaya adds comparison; Mimamsa and Vedanta add postulation and non-perception. Debates concern whether scripture counts as independent knowledge, whether knowledge is self-validating, and how error arises.How should I live?Indian traditions offer frameworks rather than a single rulebook. Many speak of the four aims of life (dharma, wealth, pleasure and liberation) balanced within right conduct; the Gita urges acting from one's own duty without selfish attachment; Jainism centres non-harm; Buddhism the Eightfold Path; Sikh thought honest work, sharing and remembrance of God; and the Tirukkural a practical ethics of virtue, wealth and love. They differ in emphasis, but most tie a good life to inner discipline and care for others.How do I control my mind?Indian traditions broadly agree that the mind can be trained, and that force alone rarely works. The Gita and Patanjali's Yoga name two complementary supports — steady practice (abhyasa) and dispassion (vairagya) — while Buddhist meditation emphasises mindful observation of mental states as they arise and pass. Traditions differ on the goal: stilling the mind to reveal a witnessing consciousness, seeing that thoughts have no owning self, or offering the mind to God so that it is naturally absorbed.What is reality?Indian philosophy offers many carefully argued answers. Advaita holds that only Brahman is ultimately real and the world is an appearance (maya); Vishishtadvaita and Dvaita treat the world as fully real, either as God's body or as eternally distinct from God. Sankhya counts two realities, consciousness and nature; Nyaya-Vaisheshika lists categories of real things; Buddhist schools speak of impermanence, dependent origination and emptiness; Jainism insists reality is many-sided. Each answer is tied to a theory of how we know.Who am I?Most Indian traditions agree that you are not simply the body or the stream of thoughts, but they disagree sharply about what remains. Upanishadic and Vedantic schools speak of an abiding Self (atman), which Advaita identifies with Brahman while Vishishtadvaita and Dvaita keep it distinct from God. Sankhya and Yoga describe pure consciousness (purusha) apart from nature, Jainism a conscious soul (jiva) obscured by karmic matter, and Buddhist schools deny any permanent self altogether, analysing the person as changing processes. The question is less about a definition than about what one discovers on close examination.Why do humans suffer?Indian traditions tend to locate the root of suffering not only in outer events but in how we relate to them. Buddhism places craving at the centre, Yoga lists ignorance and its offshoots as afflictions, Vedanta traces suffering to mistaking the Self for body and mind, and Jainism to passions that bind karmic matter. Theistic traditions add that turning away from God deepens suffering and grace can end it. The traditions disagree on metaphysics but share the practical claim that suffering can be understood and reduced.

Answered from the Bhagavad Gitaगीताके अनुसार उत्तर

Summary based on Sadhak Sanjivaniसाधक-संजीवनीपर आधारित सार

These answers stay close to what Swami Ramsukhdas says in Sadhak Sanjivani, and point you to the verses.ये उत्तर साधक-संजीवनीमें स्वामीजीके कथनके अनुसार हैं।

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Why should I do my duty if I don't like it?

अगर मुझे अपना काम पसन्द नहीं है, तो भी मैं उसे क्यों करूँ?

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Krishna says your own duty, even if it looks lacking, is better than someone else's duty done well (3.35). Swamiji explains that another's work may look more attractive, easier, better paid and more enjoyable, yet it ends in fear; your own duty, even if it is hard and your mind does not enjoy it, leads to your welfare when done without desire (3.35). Your svadharma is simply the duty of whatever you take yourself to be — student, employee, son or daughter, seeker (18.47). Doing it with love and without selfishness is itself worship of God, and through it one reaches perfection (18.45, 18.46).

भगवान् कहते हैं कि अच्छी तरह आचरणमें लाये गये परधर्मसे गुणोंकी कमीवाला अपना धर्म श्रेष्ठ है (३।३५)। स्वामीजी बताते हैं कि दूसरेका कर्तव्य बाहरसे सुगम, मन लगनेवाला और सुख-सुविधा देनेवाला दीखे, तो भी परिणाममें भय देता है; अपना कर्तव्य कठिन हो और उसमें मन न भी लगे, तो भी निष्कामभावसे करनेपर कल्याण करता है (३।३५)। आप अपनेको जो मानते हैं — विद्यार्थी, नौकर, पुत्र, साधक — उसका कर्तव्य ही आपका स्वधर्म है (१८।४७)। उसे प्रेमसे और नि:स्वार्थभावसे करना ही भगवान्का पूजन है, जिससे सिद्धि मिलती है (१८।४५, १८।४६)।

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If I can't control the result, why work hard?

जब परिणाम मेरे हाथमें नहीं है, तो मेहनत क्यों करूँ?

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Swamiji separates two departments: action is in your hands, the result is governed by prarabdha — so your right is only to the action (2.47). But Krishna also says in the same verse: do not be attached to inaction. Duty is to be done wholeheartedly, free of carelessness, laziness and indifference, and with enthusiasm (18.9). In fact, looking at the result is itself attachment to the fruit and spoils the present effort; look at your work, do it fully, and the outcome will follow on its own (5.12). Action is better than inaction (3.8).

स्वामीजी दो विभाग बताते हैं — कर्म आपके अधीन है और फल प्रारब्धके अधीन; इसलिये अधिकार केवल कर्ममें है (२।४७)। पर उसी श्लोकमें भगवान् यह भी कहते हैं कि कर्म न करनेमें तेरी आसक्ति न हो। नियत कर्मको प्रमाद, आलस्य, उपेक्षासे रहित होकर तत्परता और उत्साहपूर्वक करना चाहिये (१८।९)। वास्तवमें फलको देखना ही फलासक्ति है, जिससे वर्तमानमें काम ठीक नहीं होता; फलको न देखकर अपने कामको देखें, तत्पर होकर करें, सिद्धि अपने-आप आयेगी (५।१२)। कर्म न करनेसे कर्म करना श्रेष्ठ है (३।८)।

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How do I deal with failure?

असफलताका सामना कैसे करूँ?

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Krishna asks us to stay even in success and failure — samatva itself is yoga (2.48). Swamiji spells out what 'failure' includes: the work not getting done, an unfavourable result, insult or criticism — and says one should remain even in all of it, because one's task was only to do one's duty (2.48). Victory and defeat, gain and loss, pleasure and pain will come in any undertaking; decide beforehand that your concern is only your duty (2.38). For the seeker, Swamiji says, even when practice does not bear fruit, keep the same patience you would have in success (6.25). And no sincere beginning in this evenness is ever wasted (2.40).

भगवान् सिद्धि-असिद्धिमें सम रहनेको कहते हैं — समता ही योग है (२।४८)। स्वामीजी बताते हैं कि कर्मका पूरा न होना, फल प्रतिकूल होना, निरादर-निन्दा होना — ये सब असिद्धि हैं, और इनमें सम रहना है, क्योंकि अपना काम तो केवल कर्तव्य करना है (२।४८)। किसी भी काममें जय-पराजय, लाभ-हानि, सुख-दु:ख तो होंगे ही; पहलेसे निश्चय कर लें कि मुझे केवल अपना कर्तव्य करना है (२।३८)। साधनमें सिद्धि न मिले तो भी, जैसे सफलतामें धैर्य रहता है वैसे ही विफलतामें भी धैर्य रहना चाहिये (६।२५)। इस समताके आरम्भका भी कभी नाश नहीं होता (२।४०)।

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What does Krishna say about desire?

कामनाके बारेमें श्रीकृष्ण क्या कहते हैं?

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When Arjuna asks why people do wrong even against their will, Krishna names desire (kama) as the enemy; when blocked, it turns into anger (3.37). Swamiji defines it as wanting happiness from things, people and actions, and says this one fault holds endless faults (3.37). It is never satisfied — like fire fed with ghee, getting a hundred makes you hungry for a thousand (3.39). Dwelling on objects breeds attachment, attachment breeds desire, and the chain ends in the loss of discernment (2.62–63). The one who drops all desires and lives free of longing, 'mine' and 'I' finds peace (2.71).

अर्जुनके पूछनेपर कि मनुष्य न चाहते हुए भी पाप क्यों करता है, भगवान् कामको वैरी बताते हैं; बाधा लगनेपर वही क्रोध बन जाता है (३।३७)। स्वामीजी कहते हैं — वस्तु, व्यक्ति और क्रियासे सुख चाहना काम है, और इस एक दोषमें अनन्त दोष भरे हैं (३।३७)। यह कभी तृप्त नहीं होता — घीकी आहुतिसे अग्निकी तरह, सौ मिलनेपर हजारकी भूख जगती है (३।३९)। विषयोंके चिन्तनसे आसक्ति, आसक्तिसे कामना होती है और यह क्रम विवेकके नाशतक पहुँचता है (२।६२–६३)। सब कामनाओंको छोड़कर नि:स्पृह, निर्मम और निरहंकार होनेवाला शान्ति पाता है (२।७१)।

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What is the difference between body and soul?

शरीर और आत्मामें क्या अन्तर है?

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Swamiji says the Gita's teaching begins exactly here: there are two departments, the body and the one who has the body, completely different in nature — one inert, perishable and changing, the other conscious, imperishable and unchanging (2.11). The body goes through childhood, youth and old age and then another body, while you remain the same (2.13). The self is never born and never dies (2.20); like changing old clothes, it leaves worn-out bodies and takes new ones (2.22). Even while it seems to live in the body, it neither acts nor is touched by action — like living in a house while being separate from it (13.31).

स्वामीजी कहते हैं कि गीताका उपदेश यहींसे आरम्भ होता है — एक विभाग शरीरका है और एक शरीरीका; दोनोंका स्वभाव बिलकुल अलग है — एक जड़, नाशवान् और परिवर्तनशील, दूसरा चेतन, अविनाशी और निर्विकार (२।११)। शरीरमें बालकपन, जवानी, बुढ़ापा और फिर दूसरा शरीर आता है, पर आप वही रहते हैं (२।१३)। यह शरीरी न जन्मता है, न मरता है (२।२०); जैसे मनुष्य पुराने कपड़े बदलता है, वैसे ही यह पुराने शरीर छोड़कर नये धारण करता है (२।२२)। शरीरमें रहता हुआ भी यह न करता है, न लिप्त होता है — जैसे मकानमें रहते हुए भी हम मकानसे अलग हैं (१३।३१)।

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Who am I, really?

वास्तवमें मैं कौन हूँ?

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We call the body sometimes 'I' and sometimes 'mine', but Swamiji points out it is really 'this' — something known, like everything else we see (13.1). He says the seeker should understand: I am not the field (the body), I am its knower (13.1). Krishna declares that the self is His own eternal part; it becomes a 'jiva' only by taking the body, senses and mind as its own (15.7). Swamiji compares this to a lion cub raised among sheep who comes to think it is a sheep, yet never actually becomes one (15.7). Our relationship with God is not acquired — it is beginningless and natural, while caste, role, ability and so on are passing (9.34).

हम शरीरको कभी 'मैं' और कभी 'मेरा' कहते हैं, पर स्वामीजी बताते हैं कि वास्तवमें यह भी 'यह' (इदम्) ही है — जाननेमें आनेवाला (१३।१)। साधकको जानना चाहिये कि मैं क्षेत्र नहीं हूँ, क्षेत्रको जाननेवाला क्षेत्रज्ञ हूँ (१३।१)। भगवान् कहते हैं कि जीव मेरा ही सनातन अंश है; शरीर, इन्द्रियाँ और मनको अपना माननेसे ही वह जीव बना है (१५।७)। स्वामीजी उपमा देते हैं — जैसे सिंहका बच्चा भेड़ोंमें रहकर अपनेको भेड़ मान ले, पर भेड़ हो नहीं जाता (१५।७)। भगवान्के साथ हमारा सम्बन्ध आगन्तुक नहीं, अनादि और स्वत:सिद्ध है; वर्ण, आश्रम, योग्यता आदि आगन्तुक हैं (९।३४)।

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Why do bad things happen to good people?

अच्छे लोगोंके साथ बुरा क्यों होता है?

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Swamiji explains that the situations we meet are the fruit of past actions: favourable circumstances are the 'good fruit' and unfavourable ones the 'bad fruit', and this department of results is governed by prarabdha, not by our present effort (9.28, 2.47). Such situations, pleasant and painful, come and go and do not last; Krishna asks us to bear them, not to be made happy or miserable by them (2.14). The devotee does not see adversity merely as the result of karma — he sees God's merciful dispensation in it: in pleasant times God's kindness, in painful times His grace, through which past sins are washed away (9.28). Whether the situation is understood or not, God's dispensation is for one's good (18.65, 12.18).

स्वामीजी बताते हैं कि हमारे सामने आनेवाली परिस्थितियाँ पुराने कर्मोंका फल हैं — अनुकूल परिस्थिति शुभ फल है और प्रतिकूल परिस्थिति अशुभ फल; यह फल-विभाग प्रारब्धके अधीन है, वर्तमान पुरुषार्थके नहीं (९।२८, २।४७)। सुख-दु:ख देनेवाली परिस्थितियाँ आने-जानेवाली और अनित्य हैं; भगवान् कहते हैं — इन्हें सहन करो, इनसे सुखी-दु:खी न हो (२।१४)। भक्त प्रतिकूलताको केवल कर्मफल नहीं मानता — अनुकूलतामें भगवान्की 'दया' और प्रतिकूलतामें उनकी 'कृपा' देखता है, जिससे पापोंका नाश होता है (९।२८)। परिस्थिति समझमें आये या न आये, भगवान्का विधान मेरे लिये मंगलमय ही है (१८।६५, १२।१८)।

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What is the meaning of karma?

कर्मका अर्थ क्या है?

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Karma means action, and no one can stay without it even for a moment (3.5). Swamiji explains that the same outward action becomes three different things according to the inner intent: done with desire it is 'karma'; done without desire, 'mine' and attachment, purely for others' good, it becomes 'akarma' — it does not bind; done to harm someone it is 'vikarma', sin (4.17). What binds is not action but action done for oneself (3.9). Only human life is meant for doing new karma; other beings only live out the fruit of past karma (2.47).

कर्मका अर्थ है क्रिया, और कोई भी क्षणमात्र भी कर्म किये बिना नहीं रह सकता (३।५)। स्वामीजी बताते हैं कि एक ही क्रिया भावके अनुसार तीन प्रकारकी हो जाती है — सकामभावसे की गयी 'कर्म'; फलेच्छा, ममता, आसक्तिसे रहित होकर केवल दूसरोंके हितके लिये की गयी 'अकर्म', जो बाँधती नहीं; और दूसरेका अहित करनेके भावसे की गयी 'विकर्म' (४।१७)। बाँधता कर्म नहीं, अपने लिये किया गया कर्म है (३।९)। नया कर्म करनेका अधिकार केवल मनुष्य-जन्ममें है; दूसरी योनियाँ पुराने कर्मोंका फल भोगती हैं (२।४७)।

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How do I stop worrying about how things will turn out?

आगे क्या होगा — इस चिन्तासे कैसे छूटूँ?

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Swamiji points out that how things turn out belongs to the department of results, which is under prarabdha; what is in your hands is the present action (2.47). Krishna asks Arjuna not to hanker even for 'yoga-kshema' — gaining what is lacking and keeping what is gained (2.45) — and promises that for those who are devoted to Him alone, He himself carries this (9.22). His final assurance is 'mā śucaḥ', do not grieve (18.66). Swamiji adds that for one who has taken refuge, even his own shortcomings become God's to set right; fear and worry only obstruct the surrender, and his work is simply to remain at God's feet, carefree (18.66).

स्वामीजी बताते हैं कि परिणाम फल-विभागमें है, जो प्रारब्धके अधीन है; आपके हाथमें वर्तमान कर्म है (२।४७)। भगवान् अर्जुनसे योगक्षेम — अप्राप्तकी प्राप्ति और प्राप्तकी रक्षा — की चाहना भी न रखनेको कहते हैं (२।४५), और आश्वासन देते हैं कि अनन्य भक्तोंका योगक्षेम मैं वहन करता हूँ (९।२२)। उनका अन्तिम आश्वासन है — 'मा शुच:', चिन्ता मत कर (१८।६६)। स्वामीजी कहते हैं कि शरणागतकी कमी भी भगवान्की हो जाती है, उसे सुधारना उनका काम है; भय, चिन्ता शरणागतिमें बाधक हैं, शरणागतका काम केवल निश्चिन्त होकर भगवान्के चरणोंमें पड़े रहना है (१८।६६)।

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What is real peace?

सच्ची शान्ति क्या है?

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Krishna says the one whose mind and senses are not disciplined has no settled aim and no selfless attitude, and without that there is no peace — and without peace, how can there be happiness (2.66)? Peace comes to the one into whom enjoyments enter like rivers into the full ocean, leaving it undisturbed — not to the one who desires them (2.70). Swamiji explains that when a person becomes free of desire, getting or not getting things causes no inner disturbance; the one with desires remains restless either way (2.70). One who gives up desire, longing, 'mine' and 'I' attains peace (2.71), and giving up the desire for the fruit of action brings peace immediately (12.12, 5.12).

भगवान् कहते हैं कि जिसके मन-इन्द्रियाँ संयमित नहीं, उसकी निश्चयात्मिका बुद्धि और निष्कामभाव नहीं होता, निष्कामभावके बिना शान्ति नहीं मिलती, और शान्तिके बिना सुख कैसे (२।६६)? जैसे नदियाँ परिपूर्ण समुद्रमें मिलकर उसे विचलित नहीं करतीं, वैसे भोग जिसे विकार पैदा किये बिना प्राप्त होते हैं, वही शान्ति पाता है, भोगोंकी कामनावाला नहीं (२।७०)। स्वामीजी कहते हैं कि कामनारहित होनेपर वस्तुओंके मिलने या न मिलनेसे भीतर कोई विकार नहीं होता, पर कामनावालेके भीतर सदा अशान्ति बनी रहती है (२।७०)। कामना, स्पृहा, ममता और अहंताको छोड़नेवाला शान्ति पाता है (२।७१), और कर्मफलकी इच्छाके त्यागसे तत्काल शान्ति मिलती है (१२।१२, ५।१२)।

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Do I have to leave the world to be spiritual?

क्या आध्यात्मिक होनेके लिये संसार छोड़ना पड़ेगा?

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Swamiji says many texts advise giving everything up and going into solitude, but the Gita teaches the art of reaching the highest while living in the world: wherever you are, whatever your background, follow the Gita there (2.38). If a person can attain the highest even in a war, there is no situation in which it cannot be done (2.38). Merely giving up work does not bring perfection (3.4); the true sannyasi and yogi is the one who does his duty without depending on its fruit (6.1). Outer renunciation is not real renunciation — even in solitude the body goes with you; it is desire, 'mine' and attachment that bind, not the world (18.11).

स्वामीजी कहते हैं कि अन्य ग्रन्थ प्राय: सब कुछ छोड़कर एकान्तमें जानेको कहते हैं, पर गीता व्यवहारमें परमार्थकी कला बताती है — आप जहाँ हैं, जिस मत, वर्ण, आश्रममें हैं, वहीं गीताके अनुसार चलो तो कल्याण हो जायगा (२।३८)। जब युद्ध-जैसी घोर परिस्थितिमें भी कल्याण हो सकता है, तो ऐसी कौन-सी परिस्थिति है जिसमें न हो सके (२।३८)? केवल कर्मोंके त्यागसे सिद्धि नहीं मिलती (३।४); कर्मफलका आश्रय न लेकर कर्तव्य करनेवाला ही सच्चा संन्यासी और योगी है (६।१)। बाहरका त्याग वास्तवमें त्याग नहीं — एकान्तमें भी शरीर साथ है; बाँधनेवाले कामना, ममता, आसक्ति हैं, संसार नहीं (१८।११)।

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What does it mean to surrender to God?

भगवान्की शरणमें जानेका क्या अर्थ है?

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Krishna's final teaching is: giving up reliance on all dharmas, take refuge in Me alone; I will free you from all sins, do not grieve (18.66). Swamiji clarifies that this does not mean abandoning your duties, but no longer relying on them — or on your own strength, merit or methods — and relying on God alone (18.66). Surrender is not done by mind and intellect; the self itself goes to God, and then mind, body and senses come along with it (18.66). It is the essence of all practices: 'I am God's and God is mine' — no qualification or ability equals this sense of belonging (18.66). Those who take refuge in Him cross the otherwise hard-to-cross maya (7.14).

भगवान्का अन्तिम उपदेश है — सब धर्मोंका आश्रय छोड़कर केवल मेरी शरणमें आ जा; मैं तुझे सब पापोंसे मुक्त कर दूँगा, चिन्ता मत कर (१८।६६)। स्वामीजी स्पष्ट करते हैं कि इसका अर्थ कर्तव्योंको छोड़ना नहीं, उनका — और अपने बल, योग्यता, साधनका — आश्रय छोड़कर केवल भगवान्का आश्रय लेना है (१८।६६)। शरणागति मन-बुद्धिसे स्वीकार करनेकी बात नहीं, स्वयंको भगवान्की शरणमें जाना है; तब मन, बुद्धि, शरीर भी उसीमें आ जाते हैं (१८।६६)। यह सम्पूर्ण साधनोंका सार है — 'मैं भगवान्का हूँ और भगवान् मेरे हैं'; इस अपनेपनके समान कोई योग्यता नहीं (१८।६६)। केवल भगवान्के शरण होनेवाले दुस्तर मायाको तर जाते हैं (७।१४)।

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Why do I get so angry?

मुझे इतना गुस्सा क्यों आता है?

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The Gita traces anger back to desire: dwelling on objects creates attachment, attachment creates desire, and when someone blocks that desire, anger arises against them (2.62). Krishna says desire and anger are really one — desire itself turns into anger when obstructed (3.37). Swamiji puts it plainly: enjoying is kama, hoarding is greed, and anger comes against whoever gets in the way of enjoyment and hoarding (16.21). Anger then clouds judgement, memory and discernment, and leads to one's fall (2.63). So the Gita's remedy is to deal with the root — the desire — rather than only the anger.

गीता क्रोधकी जड़ कामनामें बताती है — विषयोंके चिन्तनसे आसक्ति, आसक्तिसे कामना, और कामनामें कोई बाधा दे तो उसपर क्रोध आता है (२।६२)। भगवान् कहते हैं कि काम ही क्रोध है — बाधा लगनेपर कामना ही क्रोधमें बदल जाती है (३।३७)। स्वामीजी सीधे कहते हैं — भोग भोगना काम है, संग्रह करना लोभ है, और भोग-संग्रहमें बाधा देनेवालेपर क्रोध आता है (१६।२१)। क्रोधसे मोह, स्मृतिभ्रंश और विवेकका नाश होकर पतन होता है (२।६३)। इसलिये गीताका उपाय है — केवल क्रोधको नहीं, उसकी जड़ कामनाको मिटाना।

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My mind is always restless. Can it really be controlled?

मेरा मन हमेशा बेचैन रहता है। क्या इसे सच में वशमें किया जा सकता है?

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Krishna does not deny the difficulty: He agrees the mind is restless and hard to control, but says it is held through practice and dispassion (6.35). Swamiji defines practice as bringing the mind back to its aim again and again, regularly and without gaps (6.35). Wherever the mind wanders, for whatever reason, bring it back from there to God (6.26); a very good way, he adds, is to see God in whatever the mind goes to (6.26). Do not lose heart when it takes time — keep the same patience in failure as in success (6.25).

भगवान् कठिनाईको नकारते नहीं — वे मानते हैं कि मन चंचल है और इसका निग्रह कठिन है, पर अभ्यास और वैराग्यसे यह वशमें होता है (६।३५)। स्वामीजी बताते हैं कि मनको बार-बार ध्येयमें लगानेका नाम अभ्यास है, और यह रोज़, निरन्तर होना चाहिये (६।३५)। मन जहाँ-जहाँ, जिस-जिस कारणसे जाय, वहाँ-वहाँसे हटाकर परमात्मामें लगाये (६।२६); और एक श्रेष्ठ उपाय है कि मन जहाँ जाय वहाँ परमात्माको ही देखे (६।२६)। समय लगे तो निराश न हों — जैसे सफलतामें धैर्य रहता है, वैसे विफलतामें भी रहे (६।२५)।

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Is it wrong to be attached to the people I love?

क्या अपने प्रियजनोंसे लगाव रखना गलत है?

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Swamiji explains that grief begins when we divide people into 'mine' and 'not mine'; towards 'mine' we develop possessiveness, desire and attachment, and from these come grief, worry and fear — this is exactly what happened to Arjuna on the battlefield (2.11). The Gita does not ask us to stop caring; it changes the direction of relationships. Swamiji says all the relationships we assume in the world exist only so that we may serve and do good to one another, not for ourselves (7.5). The body, abilities and everything we have are received and will be parted from, and are meant for others' service (3.13). Serving without wanting anything back removes the old attachment and prevents new attachment (2.47).

स्वामीजी बताते हैं कि शोक तब होता है जब हम लोगोंको 'मेरे' और 'मेरे नहीं' — दो भागोंमें बाँट लेते हैं; 'मेरों'में ममता, कामना और आसक्ति होती है, और इन्हींसे शोक, चिन्ता, भय पैदा होते हैं — युद्धभूमिमें अर्जुनके साथ यही हुआ (२।११)। गीता प्रेम छोड़नेको नहीं कहती, सम्बन्धकी दिशा बदलती है। स्वामीजी कहते हैं कि संसारमें माने हुए जितने भी सम्बन्ध हैं, वे एक-दूसरेका हित या सेवा करनेके लिये हैं, अपने लिये नहीं (७।५)। शरीर, योग्यता आदि सब मिले हुए और बिछुड़नेवाले हैं, दूसरोंकी सेवाके लिये हैं (३।१३)। बदलेमें कुछ न चाहकर सेवा करनेसे पुराना राग मिटता है और नया राग पैदा नहीं होता (२।४७)।

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Is yoga in the Gita just exercise or meditation?

क्या गीताका योग केवल व्यायाम या ध्यान है?

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No. The Gita defines yoga as equanimity — 'samatvaṃ yoga ucyate' (2.48). Swamiji notes that Patanjali's system calls the restraint of mental activity 'yoga', but the Gita calls the natural state of evenness yoga, and every seeker of God is eligible for it (2.48). The Gita also calls yoga the separation from our contact with sorrow: our connection with the world is only assumed, and our union with God was never broken (6.23). 'Yoga is skill in action' means yoga makes actions that normally bind into actions that free (2.50). Meditation (Dhyana Yoga) is one path in the Gita, alongside Karma, Jnana and Bhakti Yoga (6.10).

नहीं। गीता समताको योग कहती है — 'समत्वं योग उच्यते' (२।४८)। स्वामीजी बताते हैं कि पातंजलयोगदर्शनमें चित्तवृत्तिनिरोधको योग कहा गया है, पर गीता स्वत:सिद्ध सम-स्वरूपमें स्थितिको योग कहती है, जिसके सब भगवत्प्राप्ति चाहनेवाले अधिकारी हैं (२।४८)। गीता दु:खोंके संयोगके वियोगको भी योग कहती है — संसारसे सम्बन्ध केवल माना हुआ है और परमात्माका वियोग कभी हुआ ही नहीं (६।२३)। 'योग: कर्मसु कौशलम्'का अर्थ है कि बाँधनेवाले कर्म ही मुक्ति देनेवाले हो जायँ (२।५०)। ध्यानयोग गीताका एक मार्ग है, कर्मयोग, ज्ञानयोग और भक्तियोगके साथ (६।१०)।